References

Homepage

1. Migraine - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Published 2021. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201

2. “Migraine | Informedhealth.org.” Informedhealth.org, 2015, www.informedhealth.org/migraine.html. Accessed 27 July. 2025.

3. Parikh SK, Young WB. Migraine: Stigma in Society. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(1):8. Published 2019 Feb 9. doi:10.1007/s11916-019-0743-7

4. “Health Risks Linked to Migraines.” Health, 2017, www.health.com/condition/headaches-and-migraines/migraine-pain-depression-stroke. Accessed 27 July, 2025.

What is Migraine?

1. Gupta, Jatin, and Sagar S Gaurkar. “Migraine: An Underestimated Neurological Condition Affecting Billions.” Cureus vol. 14,8 e28347. 24 July, 2025. 2022, doi:10.7759/cureus.28347

2. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Jensen R, Uluduz D, Katsarava Z; Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache. Migraine remains second among the world's causes of disability, and first among young women: findings from GBD2019. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):137. Published 2020 Dec 2. doi:10.1186/s10194-020-01208-0

3. Kulkarni GB, Rao GN, Gururaj G, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ. Headache disorders and public illhealth in India: prevalence estimates in Karnataka State. J Headache Pain. 2015;16:67.

4. Aguilar-Shea AL, Membrilla Md JA, Diaz-de-Teran J. Migraine review for general practice. Aten Primaria. 2022;54(2):102208. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102208

5. Karsan, Nazia, and Peter J Goadsby. “Migraine Is More Than Just Headache: Is the Link to Chronic Fatigue and Mood Disorders Simply Due to Shared Biological Systems?.” Frontiers in human neuroscience vol. 15 646692. 3 Jun. 2021, doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.646692

6. “Understanding Migraine Treatment in the Emergency Room | AMF.” American Migraine Foundation, 23 Feb. 2023, americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/understanding-migraine-treatment-in-the-emergency-room/. Accessed 21 June, 2025.

7. Amiri P, Kazeminasab S, Nejadghaderi SA, et al. Migraine: A Review on Its History, Global Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Comorbidities. Front Neurol. 2022;12:800605. Published 2022 Feb 23. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.800605

Migraine or Headache?

1. Migraine - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Published 2021. Accessed May 23, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20360201

2. World Health Organization. Headache disorders. Published April 8, 2016. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders

3. Kelman L. The triggers or precipitants of the acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(5):394-402. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01303.x

4. Migraine, Brain Fog And Memory Loss: How They Affect You. American Migraine Foundation. Accessed May 22, 2025. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-brain-fog/

5. “Headache.” Hopkinsmedicine.org, 2023, www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/headache. Accessed 28 July, 2025.

6. Gill, S. (2023). 11 types of headaches: Causes, symptoms, and treatment. Medical News Today. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320767.

Migraine Triggers

1. Amiri P, Kazeminasab S, Nejadghaderi SA, et al. Migraine: A Review on Its History, Global Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Comorbidities. Front Neurol. 2022;12:800605. Published 2022 Feb 23. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.800605

2. Agbetou, Mendinatou, and Thierry Adoukonou. “Lifestyle Modifications for Migraine Management.” Frontiers in neurology vol. 13 719467. 18 Mar. 2022, doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.719467

3. Dueland, Aud Nome. “Headache and Alcohol.” Headache vol. 55,7 (2015): 1045-9. doi:10.1111/head.12621

4. Robblee J, Starling AJ. SEEDS for success: Lifestyle management in migraine. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2019;86(11):741-749. doi: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.86a.19009

5. “Environmental & Physical Factors | National Headache Foundation.” National Headache Foundation, 2020, headaches.org/environmental-factors/. Accessed 30 July, 2025.

Different Types of Migraines

1. “What Type of Headache Do You Have? | American Migraine Foundation.” American Migraine Foundation, 19 Jan. 2023, americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/what-type-of-headache-do-you-have/. Accessed 1 Aug, 2025.

2. Pescador Ruschel MA, De Jesus O. Migraine Headache. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; February 13, 2023.

3. Peters GL. Migraine overview and summary of current and emerging treatment options. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25(2 Suppl): S23-S34.

4. “Migraine and Stroke.” Stroke.org.uk, 2023, www.stroke.org.uk/what-is-stroke/are-you-at-risk-of-stroke/migraines-and-stroke. Accessed 30 July, 2025.

5. Eltrafi, Alyaa et al. “Economic burden of chronic migraine in OECD countries: a systematic review.” Health economics review vol. 13,1 43. 1 Sep. 2023, doi:10.1186/s13561-023-00459-2

Myths vs Facts

1. “Headaches.” Healthdirect.gov.au, Healthdirect Australia, 11 Sept. 2023, www.healthdirect.gov.au/headaches. Accessed 30 July, 2025.

2. Peters GL. Migraine overview and summary of current and emerging treatment options. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25(2 Suppl): S23-S34.

3. The Facts About Migraine | American Migraine Foundation. American Migraine Foundation. Published 2019. Accessed April 2, 2025. https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/resource-library/migraine-facts/

4. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, et al. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology. 2007;68(5):343-349. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21

5. Migraine - Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Published 2021. Accessed May 12, 2025. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/migraine-headache/symptoms-causes/

6. How Migraine Evolves With Age | American Headache Society. American Headache Society. Published January 17, 2018. Accessed May 12, 2025. https://americanheadachesociety.org/news/migraine-evolves-age/

7. “Diagnosis & Treatment - American Migraine Foundation.” American Migraine Foundation, 21 Feb. 2023, americanmigrainefoundation.org/migraine-diagnosis-treatment/. Accessed 17 Aug. 2025.

Getting Diagnosed

1. Eigenbrodt AK, Ashina H, Khan S, et al. Diagnosis and management of migraine in ten steps. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(8):501-514. doi:10.1038/s41582-021-00509-5

2. Peters GL. Migraine overview and summary of current and emerging treatment options. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25(2 Suppl):S23-S34.

3. Aguilar-Shea AL, Membrilla Md JA, Diaz-de-Teran J. Migraine review for general practice. Aten Primaria. 2022;54(2):102208. doi:10.1016/j.aprim. 2021.102208

Types of Treatment

1. Ha H, Gonzalez A. Migraine Headache Prophylaxis. American Family Physician. 2019;99(1):17-24. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0101/p17.html

2. Peters GL. Migraine overview and summary of current and emerging treatment options. Am J Manag Care. 2019;25(2 Suppl):S23-S34

3. Aguilar-Shea AL, Membrilla Md JA, Diaz-de-Teran J. Migraine review for general practice. Aten Primaria. 2022;54(2):102208. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102208

4. Mohanty, Diksha, and Steven Lippmann. “CGRP Inhibitors for Migraine.” Innovations in clinical neuroscience vol. 17,4-6 (2020): 39-40.

5. Lew C, Punnapuzha S. Migraine Medications. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553159/ Accessed 30 July, 2025.

6. Clinic, Cleveland. “NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs): Uses.” Cleveland Clinic, 2023, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11086-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-medicines-nsaids. Accessed 1 Aug, 2025.

Lifestyle Tips

1. Buse, Dawn C et al. “Life With Migraine: Effects on Relationships, Career, and Finances From the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study.” Headache vol. 59,8 (2019): 1286-1299. doi:10.1111/head.13613

2. Gazerani P. Migraine and Diet. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1658. Published 2020 Jun 3. doi:10.3390/nu12061658

3. “Effective Management of Migraine in Primary Care.” Singhealth.com.sg, 2023, www.singhealth.com.sg/news/defining-med/Migraine-Primary-Care. Accessed 17 Aug, 2025.

4. Shimizu T, Sakai F, Miyake H, et al. Disability, quality of life, productivity impairment and employer costs of migraine in the workplace. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):29

5. Seng, Elizabeth K et al. “When Mom Has Migraine: An Observational Study of the Impact of Parental Migraine on Adolescent Children.” Headache vol. 59,2 (2019): 224-234. doi:10.1111/head.13433

Migraine Treatment Assessment Test (mTOQ-5)

1. Lipton RB, Kolodner K, Bigal ME, et al. Validity and reliability of the Migraine-Treatment Optimization Questionnaire. Cephalalgia. 2009;29(7):751759.